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A benign epithelial tumor in which the cells form recognizable glandular structures or in which the cells are clearly derived from glandular epithelium.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Any of a class of 20 molecules that combine to form proteins in living things. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the genetic code.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
A discrete step required for tumor propagation and progression by which the tumor induces creation of an independent vascular network. The induction of the angiogenic switch may be brought on by a number of cellular and environmental stimuli, which tip the normal balance of activators and inhibitors in favor of angiogenic growth. The angiogenic switch may occur at different stages of the tumor progression pathway, depending on the tumor type and environment.
Bergers G, Benjamin LE.Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;3:401-410.
Also called programmed cell death, it is a signaling pathway that leads to cellular suicide in an organized manner. Several factors and receptors are specific to the apoptotic pathway. The net result is that cells shrink and develop blebs on their surface, and their DNA undergoes fragmentation.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A mode of hormone action in which a hormone binds to receptors on, and affects the function of, the cell type that produced it.
Adapted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Phosphorylation (the metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule) by a protein of one or more of its own residues.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A lymph node in the armpit region that drains lymph channels from the breast.
Reference: National Cancer Institute. Online Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Accessed January 12, 2006.
The layer of the basement membrane lying next to the basal surface of the adjoining cell layer, composed of an electron-dense lamina densa and an electron-lucent lamina lucida; sometimes used to denote the lamina densa alone.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A white blood cell that comes from bone marrow. As part of the immune system, B cells make antibodies and help fight infections. Also called B lymphocyte.
Reference: National Cancer Institute. Online Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Accessed January 12, 2006.
First discovered as a translocated locus [t(14;22)] in B-cell leukemias, bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that protects cells from programmed cell death by preventing the activation of pro-apoptotic caspase proteins.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374. Reprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Two genes whose chromosomal translocation in a primitive hematopoietic stem cell causes chronic myeloid leukemia.
Radivoyevitch T, Kozubek S, Sachs RK adiat Res. 2002;157:106-109.
Enzymes that belong to a family of cysteine proteases, caspases are the principal effectors of apoptosis in cells destined for programmed cell death. In the process, initiator caspases activate effector caspases. The processing of proinflammatory cytokines is also carried out by caspases.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, COX enzymes are responsible for the production of prostaglandins, intracellular messengers found at high levels at inflammation sites. Of COX-1 and COX-2, the latter has received much attention due to drug development that has targeted COX-2 for selectively downregulating inflammatory processes.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2577-2582 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
The cellular homolog of v-src (viral-src), it is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase with pleiotropic activities. Typically activated by growth factor receptors, c-Src mediates the processes of survival and proliferation. It is generally activated in several epithelial tumors.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1047-1052 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A generic term for nonantibody proteins, released by a single cell population (eg, primed T lymphocytes) on contact with a specific antigen, which act as intercellular mediators, as in the generation of an immune response. Examples include lymphokines and monokines.
Adapted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A cell from one of the threadlike extensions of the cytoplasm of a neuron. In unipolar and bipolar neurons, dendrites resemble axons structurally, but typically, as in multipolar neurons, they branch into treelike processes. Dendrites compose most of the receptive surface of a neuron.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
The molecule that encodes genetic information. DNA is a double-stranded molecule held together by weak bonds between base pairs of nucleotides. The four nucleotides in DNA contain the bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In nature, base pairs form only between A and T and between G and C; thus the base sequence of each single strand can be deduced from that of its partner.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
The combination of two identical simpler molecules to form a compound.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A discrete portion of a protein with its own function. The combination of domains in a single protein determines its overall function.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Carcinoma of the duct, such as of the pancreas or the breast.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A 3-class staging system that classifies colorectal carcinoma from A to C based on the extent of the tumor.A: penetration into but not through the bowel wall. B: penetration through the bowel wall. C: lymph node involvement regardless of the extent of bowel wall penetration. Many modifications of this classification exist.
Adapted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule that belongs to a family of developmental proteins responsible for maintaining structural integrity in tissues.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
The development of a new individual by means of sexual reproduction, from a zygote (a fertilized ovum); the process of embryo formation.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Cells composing the epithelial layer, which lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood and lymph vessels and the serous cavities of the body, originating from the mesoderm.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding the rate at which a biochemical reaction proceeds but not altering the direction or nature of the reaction.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Also known as HER-1, EGFR belongs to a family of receptors (HER-2, HER-3, and HER-4 are other members of the family) and binds to the EGF, TGF-α, and other related proteins, leading to the generation of proliferative and survival signals within the cell. It also belongs to the larger family of tyrosine kinase receptors and is generally overexpressed in several solid tumors of epithelial origin.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A neoplasm of epithelial origin, ranging from benign (adenoma and papilloma) to malignant (carcinoma).
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Also called the human epithelial growth factor receptor (HER), ErbB belongs to the EGFR receptor family. ErbB1 (EGFR/HER-1), ErbB2 (HER-2), ErbB3 (HER-3), and ErbB4 (HER-4) are the 4 members that comprise this receptor family.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
The most potent naturally occurring ovarian and placental estrogen in mammals; it prepares the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum and promotes the maturation and maintenance of female accessory reproductive organs and secondary sex characters. It has also been produced semisynthetically.
Adapted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
The prototype of the fibroblast growth factor family, which currently has up to 18 members of structurally related proteins. It acts as a mitogen, or proliferative signal, for several cell types, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells and is also involved in the angiogenic process and in the formation of mesenchyme.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5406-5415 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Also known as VEGFR-1 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1).
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2577-2582 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. A gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides located in a particular position on a particular chromosome that encodes a specific functional product (ie, a protein or RNA molecule).
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
The process by which a gene's coded information is converted into the structures present and operating in the cell. Expressed genes include those that are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein and those that are transcribed into RNA but not translated into protein (eg, transfer and ribosomal RNAs).
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
The biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene. The amount of gene product is used to measure how active a gene is; abnormal amounts can be correlated with disease-causing alleles.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
A type of brain tumor that forms from the glial (supportive) tissue of the brain. It grows very quickly and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Also called grade IV astrocytoma.
Reference: National Cancer Institute. Online Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Accessed January 12, 2006.
1. Produced by or derived from the blood 2. Disseminated by the circulation or through the bloodstream.
Adapted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Also called Erb1, HER-1 belongs to the EGFR receptor family. ErbB1 (EGFR/HER-1), ErbB2 (HER-2), ErbB3 (HER-3), and ErbB4 (HER-4) are the 4 members that comprise this receptor family.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Also called ErbB2, HER-2/neu belongs to the EGFR family and is overexpressed in several solid tumors. Like EGFR, it is a tyrosine kinase receptor whose activation leads to proliferative signals within the cells. On activation, the HER family of receptors are known to form homodimers and heterodimers, each with a distinct signaling activity. Because HER-2 is the preferred dimerization partner when heterodimers are formed, it is important for signaling through ligands specific for any members of the family. It is typically overexpressed in several epithelial tumors.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
The process of joining 2 complementary strands of DNA or one each of DNA and RNA to form a double-stranded molecule.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
The reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A transcriptional factor that regulates the adaptive responses of mammalian cells to low oxygen (hypoxia). It is composed of HIF-1α, which is upregulated in conditions of hypoxia, and HIF-1β (or, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocators), which is expressed constitutively. Dimerization of HIF-1α with HIF-1β leads to transcription of genes such as VEGF and PDGF.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1047-1052 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
The application of antigen-antibody interactions to histochemical techniques. Typically, a tissue section is mounted on a slide and incubated with antibodies (polyclonal or monoclonal) specific to the antigen (primary reaction). The antigen-antibody signal is then amplified using a second antibody conjugated to a complex of peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP), avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC), or avidin-biotin alkaline phosphatase. In the presence of substrate and chromogen, the enzyme forms a colored deposit at the sites of antibody-antigen binding.
J Clin Oncol. Online Global Glossary. Accessed January 12, 2006 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A highly malignant carcinoma of the breast, presenting with pink to red skin discoloration, tenderness, edema, and rapid enlargement of the breast. It usually invades dermal lymphatic vessels.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Proteins with sequences similar to insulin, insulin-like growth factors trigger similar cellular responses as insulin, including mitogenesis. IGF-I (secreted by the liver) and IGF-II (secreted by the brain, kidneys, pancreas, and muscles) function through cell surface receptors.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Within a tumor.
Reference: National Cancer Institute. Online Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Accessed November 10, 2006.
The DNA base sequences interrupting the protein-coding sequences of a gene; these sequences are transcribed into RNA but are cut out of the message before it is translated into protein.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Within a glass; observable in a test tube; in an artificial environment.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Also known as VEGFR-2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2).
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1047-1052 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A molecule that binds to another molecule; used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, eg, an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Cancer of the terminal duct.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
The formation of lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, largely mediated through activation of VEGFR-3 by VEGF-C and VEGF-D.
Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1011-1027 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
MMPs belong to a family of enzymes (zinc-dependent endoproteinases) that is involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are involved in both normal and pathologic tissue remodeling, where their selective proteolysis is now appreciated to help regulate cell growth, angiogenesis, and invasiveness.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
RNA that serves as a template for protein synthesis.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
A measure of tumor vascularization, based on the number of blood vessels within a designated section of the tumor.
J Histochem Cytochem. 2003;51:151-158.
A substance that induces blast transformation; DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; and proliferation of lymphocytes, eg, concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, or lipopolysaccharide.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A phagocytic white blood cell with an ovoid or kidney-shaped nucleus. Monocytes are formed in the bone marrow and transported to tissue such as lung and liver, where they mature and develop into macrophages.
Adapted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Any heritable change in DNA sequence. (Compare polymorphism.)
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Any new and abnormal growth; specifically a new growth of tissue in which the growth is uncontrolled and progressive. Malignant neoplasms are distinguished from benign in that the former show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis. Also called tumor.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
New blood vessel formation in abnormal tissue or in abnormal positions.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Cell surface glycoproteins that have been shown to serve as co-receptors for VEGF, suggesting a potential role in angiogenesis. NRP-1 differs from tyrosine kinase VEGFRs (-1, -2, and -3) in that it does not have an intracellular signaling domain and its activity is mediated as a co-receptor for VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 by enhancing the binding affinity of ligands, such as VEGF, to the receptor. It is thought that the predominant role of NRP-2 is in lymphatic development. Recent evidence suggests that VEGF may signal directly through NRP without VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2 serving as a co-receptor.
Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1011-1027 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Having the normal concentration of oxygen.
J Biol Chem. 2003;278:47129-47135.
A gene capable under certain conditions of causing the initial and continuing conversion of normal cells into cancer cells. The term may be used to denote such a gene occurring in a viral genome (v-onc) or a cellular gene derived from alteration of a proto-oncogene (c-onc).
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Causing the dissolution of bone, especially the removal or loss of the calcium of bone.
Adapted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A protein whose normal function is to act as a transcriptional activator of genes with a p53 binding site and an inhibitor of genes lacking a p53 binding site. Expression of high levels of wild-type p53 is associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Mutations in p53 are seen in several tumors.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A type of hormone function in which hormone synthesized in and released from endocrine cells binds to its receptor in nearby cells of a different type and affects their function.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
Fibroblastic/smooth muscle - like cells found in close contact with endothelial cells in small blood vessels and capillaries, where they function as regulators of blood vessel formation and function, in particular contributing to vascular integrity.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1047-1052 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A protein with significant sequence homology to the VEGF family of proteins, PlGF has significant expression in the placenta of the developing embryo and is also present on endothelial cells, where its activity contributes to angiogenesis induction and endothelial cell permeability.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A family of proteins that exists in the A, B, C, or D forms. PDGF is involved in proliferation pathways, especially of mesenchymal cell types. PDGF forms homodimers (eg, AA, BB, CC, DD) or heterodimers (eg, AB), which interact with appropriate cellular receptors.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5406-5415 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Abnormal buildup of fluid in the pleura, the thin layers of tissue that line the lung and chest cavity.
Reference: National Cancer Institute. Online Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Accessed November 10, 2006.
A difference in DNA sequence between individuals. Genetic variations occurring in more than 1% of a population would be considered useful polymorphisms for genetic linkage analysis. (Compare mutation.)
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
A segment of DNA usually occurring upstream from a gene coding region and acting as a controlling element in the expression of that gene; it serves as a recognition signal for an RNA polymerase and marks the site of initiation of transcription.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order; the order is determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the gene coding for the protein. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and each protein has unique functions. Examples are hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
A normal cellular gene that, with alteration, such as by mutation, DNA rearrangement, or nearby insertion of viral DNA, becomes an active oncogene. Most proto-oncogenes are believed to function normally in cell growth and differentiation.
Adapted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
The Ras gene family consists of H-Ras, N-Ras, and K-Ras. The Ras proteins are typically small triphosphate-binding proteins and are the common upstream molecule of several signaling pathways that play a key role in signal transduction, which results in cellular proliferation and transformation.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A malignant congenital blastoma, occurring in both hereditary and sporadic forms, composed of tumor cells arising from the retinoblasts, appearing in one or both eyes in children under 5 years of age, and usually diagnosed initially by a bright white or yellow pupillary reflex (leukokoria). Also called glioma retinae.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
A chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells; it plays an important role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell. The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA. There are several classes of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and other small RNAs, each serving a different purpose.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
The matrix or supporting tissue of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma, or functional element.
Reprinted from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 30th Edition, with permission from Elsevier.
One type of white blood cell that attacks virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells. T cells also produce a number of substances that regulate the immune response.
Reference: National Cancer Institute. Online Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Accessed January 12, 2006.
Also called telomere terminal transferase, it is an enzyme made of protein and RNA subunits. Its role is to elongate chromosomes by adding telomeric sequences to the end of existing chromosomes.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
The synthesis of an RNA copy from a sequence of DNA (a gene); the first step in gene expression.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Mapping Our Genes: Genome Project - How Big, How Fast? pp. 201-204. © 1988 eproduced with permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.
One of several proteins, including TGF-α and TGF-β, secreted by transformed cells that can stimulate the growth of normal cells. TGF-α is a cytokine with 30% homology to EGF, and it binds to EGFR and mediates proliferative and survival signals. TGF-β is a tumor-suppressing cytokine with growth inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. TGF-β may also act as a tumor promoter by eliciting an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. TGF-β deactivates several proteins involved in cell cycle progression and thereby exerts its growth-inhibitory effects on epithelial cells by causing them to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5406-5415.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:9035-9040 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Tis, or carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria. T1: tumor invades submucosa. T2: tumor invades muscularis propria. T3: tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa, or into nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues. T4: tumor directly invades other organs or structures and/or perforates visceral peritoneum.
Used with the permission of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), Chicago, Illinois. The original source for this material is the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Sixth Edition (2002) published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
A gene whose protein product is responsible for antiproliferative signals. The retinoblastoma gene product and the product of the p53 gene are 2 examples of tumor suppressor genes.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7365-7374 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Generic name for an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosine molecules in proteins.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5406-5415 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
A process by which proteins are marked for proteasome degradation. Proteins called ubiquitins are transferred to the substrate protein, targeting it for destruction by the proteasome.
J Biol Chem. 2001;276:29695-29701.
Another name for VEGF.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1011-1017 eprinted with permission from the American Society of Clinical Oncology.